Pay by the Slice
Gail Golderman & Bruce Connolly rate the pay-per-view feature
By Gail Golderman & Bruce Connolly -- netConnect, 4/15/2007
Pay-per-view has immediate appeal in certain situations, as it should. For service-oriented but cost-conscious librarians, quickly and efficiently providing access to the contents of an expensive but little-used journal title on behalf of the one or two people within your institution who need it strikes us as an elegant solution to a concern that has long nagged the profession.
Somewhat less admirably, there may well be some dark urge lurking within many librarians that makes us want to point at the fee associated with purchasing an article or book chapter from an online source and say to our patrons, “You take what we do for granted. Information is a lot more expensive than you ever dreamed. If you had to pay for this yourself, you would either go broke very quickly, your research would suffer, or both.” Generally, we don't indulge in this type of ranting, and David F. Kohl, editor in chief of The Journal of Academic Librarianship (JAL), reminds us why: one of the most fundamental aspects of what we do involves “removing financial considerations altogether from the day-to-day use of information by library patrons.”
Our traditional approach is to acquire materials and make them available for unrestricted use by many potential researchers over an extended period of time, a notion that is at odds with the pay-per-view model of one-time, single-user access. Kohl also warns of the negative consequences if our “role in encouraging and expanding access to information is transformed instead into monitoring use and rationing access” (see “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; or, How Reasonable Ideas Can Turn Out Badly,” JAL, July 2006, p. 347–348).
There are other negatives in the pay-per-view model as well. Having glimpsed the dark side of patron behavior, it is not too difficult to imagine an underground economy springing up around the “tokens” that some providers use for the purchase of online full-text articles. We can also imagine a scenario in which a patron—out of laziness, ignorance, habit, or desperation—chooses to purchase articles that are readily available within the library's print collection or possibly even online when that user is properly logged into the library's portal.
For serious researchers operating outside the boundaries of an academic or research library environment, however, pay-per-view removes significant barriers from the process of gaining access to essential materials, providing they have the means to purchase what they need. It also gives librarians a way to provide rush interlibrary loan services.
The reviews below are organized with those most widely used by libraries first. They range in price models from combined institutional and individual options to straight individual pay-per-view.
Note: Until recently, EBSCOhost's Electronic Journal Service offered patrons the option to acquire nonsubscribed articles with a “pay-per-view article purchasing” feature. The libraries would then be invoiced for the user-purchased articles. This feature was to be discontinued at the end of March 2007 and was not included among this issue's reviews.
Wiley InterScience with ArticleSelect and Pay-Per-View
Content The Wiley InterScience (
Subject coverage includes business, chemistry, computer science, earth and environmental science, education, engineering, law, life sciences, mathematics and statistics, medicine and healthcare, physics and astronomy, polymers and materials science, psychology, and social sciences.
Searchability The homepage features a quick search box where a user can keyword search all articles, book chapters, and protocols by choosing the all content radio button or by hunting for a specific journal or book title by clicking on Publication Titles. A browse by subject area option is situated in the center of the page, where selecting mathematics and statistics opens a new page with ten subfields. Selecting any of these reveals the journals and online books associated with that subfield.
The current journal issue is displayed, along with links to all available issues and to Early View articles. The right-hand frame of the journal homepage permits in-title searching in All Fields by default, or within specific fields via a pull-down menu. For online books, the Table of Contents lists the front matter (including such elements as the half-title page, title page, copyright page, TOC, about the editors, about the authors, and preface), various parts of the book and the chapters associated with each part, and any appendixes and indexes. Each section—with its own summary and the full-text PDF—may be purchased individually. There is a corresponding Search in Chapters capability for locating information with greater ease and precision.
Wiley supports Boolean operators (AND, OR, and NOT), which can be employed in Advanced Search mode by using pull-down menus to connect search boxes to one another or by typing the operators directly into the search boxes. Searchers can use quotation marks to search for exact phrases and may limit searches to a specific field with a pull-down menu at the end of the search box. Proximity searching, nesting, and truncation make it possible to develop a very sophisticated search strategy.
Advanced search allows limiting by product type (i.e., journals, online books, reference works, and databases) and restricting the search to previously saved content or to the Bold Ideas titles, a subset of 40 journals and newsletters in core areas of business, management, accounting and finance, and environmental management. In advanced search mode, the user can limit by one or more broad subject areas by checking off relevant terms. The date range option includes a convenient pull-down menu for the current one, three, six, nine, and 12 months. Results can be ordered by relevance, date, or publication title.
Wiley helped spearhead Google's CrossRef Search project, a collaborative effort and precursor to Google Scholar involving 200 science, technology, and medical (STM) publishers, which aimed to make scholarly content available for free searching regardless of where the research was originally published.
CrossRef enables researchers to click on a citation in one journal and connect to the original full-text target article. CrossRef Search, with its Google-style interface, may also be searched as a standalone. Users can freely search or link to their target articles, but full text is available via subscription. Articles can be saved and emailed, and researchers can receive journal tables of contents by RSS feed.
Price Registered users can purchase 24-hour online access to the content they need for $25 via credit card—whether journals, Wiley online books, or reference works.
Wiley also offers ArticleSelect for Enhanced Access License customers. This option permits authorized users within an institution to access individual articles from journals and online books that the library does not subscribe to via electronic “tokens.” If users exceed the subscription price of a particular title by 15 percent, customers will be automatically set up with an annual subscription.
Wiley's ArticleSelect for Basic Access License allows the token economy without the “auto-subscribe” feature. The Enhanced service permits unlimited simultaneous users, while Basic allows access to just one user at a time.
Who Needs It? Wiley's stature, plus its subject breadth, makes its online resources very impressive, and the company's commitment to developing a deep and complete archive (which is well underway) means that it will only grow more valuable. Serious STM and business researchers already heavily use Wiley resources. The à la carte options give access to titles that may not be represented in a library's holdings, and for institutions that participate in the ArticleSelect option, Wiley has offered a convenient way to spend the institution's resources on only the specific research articles.
ScienceDirect
Content ScienceDirect (
In addition, the Backfiles program, now integrated within the platform, allows researchers to search a historical archive of eight million articles, back to the first issue for most publications.
Using the pay-per-view option, registered users and guests can purchase individual articles from nonsubscribed journals, book series, and handbooks. Institutions can control users and groups via the administrative module.
Searchability Authenticated researchers from subscribing institutions see a slightly different ScienceDirect than guests, who only see the Quick Search option compared to the All Source search form, which includes a Basic and Advanced tab. Quick search is available from a navigation bar at the top of every page for all users. Quick search users can search article titles, abstracts, keywords, author names, journal and book titles, volume, issue, or page number fields.
All available journals, book series, handbooks, and all subscribed reference works are searchable. The All Source form presents limits for journals, books, Scirus material (scientific information on the web), source, subject, or date within basic mode and for using Boolean search syntax within Advanced mode. All users must register and create a personal profile to purchase articles directly by credit card. Users can create quick links to journal pages, recent searches, and full-text articles viewed. Authenticated users can turn on/off their recent activity up to the last 100 actions.
Institutions can set up ArticleChoice for small and medium-sized corporate libraries and government organizations to prepurchase bundles of 100, 200, or 500 articles as a supplement to document delivery services. Transactional Access for existing ScienceDirect customers allows users to download articles from all nonsubscribed journals at a fixed price per article, charged to the institution via prepaid accounts, monthly invoices, or credit cards.
Pay-per-view is available for institutions and individuals. Guests can purchase individual full-text articles from nonsubscribed journals, books, and handbooks via credit card. As mentioned earlier, institutions can control how patrons access nonsubscribed ScienceDirect content. Institutions can also enable anonymous transactional access, which presents login options before accessing unsubscribed content via prepaid accounts or monthly invoicing. This patron feature does prevent institutions from tracking certain activity and usage. Articles are available to view, download, and print for 24 hours on ScienceDirect in HTML and PDF formats. Some older material we retrieved was available only in PDF.
Price The article price for Elsevier journals, book series, and handbooks is $30. Third-party journal pricing is supplied by publishers. The articles we retrieved as a subscribing institution were $22, regardless of publisher and date. More purchase options will be available with the discontinuation of ScienceDirect Web Editions.
Who Needs It? The deep archival content is valuable for all researchers with or without other available means for access. Although still pricey for multiple articles, it is the least expensive option of those reviewed here for recognized users and offers institutions the flexibility and control to pay only for on-demand use of expensive titles.
HighWirePress/Pay-for-Access
Content HighWire Press (
HighWire has gained visibility and name recognition from its free, full-text life science article repository, with 1,590,101 articles currently available without subscription and 4,118,625 full-text articles overall.
Searchability HighWire Press is not a publisher but an online service provider of Stanford University, and content is owned by partner publishers that set long-term access and purchase policies.
One thousand titles can be accessed under “pay-for-access sites,” and access terms vary from one to 30 days. Researchers can purchase limited access to a single article, the entire issue, or the entire site. Searchers search across the collection, or browse journals by title and articles by subject, publisher, or “pay-per-view sites” or “journals with free full-text articles.”
Selecting pay-per-view before searching allows users to browse the journals list for all available access options, which typically include pay-per- article or pay-per-issue, or a site pass—users can access the desired article from the computer they are currently using for a certain number of days and for a given dollar amount. Most publishers also allow users to regain access if the access period has not yet expired.
Purchased articles may be viewed, downloaded, and/or printed for personal scholarly, research, and educational use. Users cannot “distribute a copy (electronic or otherwise) of the article without the written permission, post the article on an electronic bulletin board or web site, or charge for a copy (electronic or otherwise) of the article.”
Price Prices are clearly listed, but terms are established by the individual publishers. Fees range from $5 to $35 for one-day access. An article from the current issue of Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science Online was $7 for seven days; the entire issue was $14 for seven days. To gain access to the entire site (Pay for Admission) cost $25 for seven days, which includes full text from 2001 to the present. If we wanted to purchase access to an article from a recent issue of Journal of Clinical Pathology, it cost $12 for two days; the entire volume was $30 for 30 days; and access to the entire online content was $30 for 30 days.
Who Needs It? Although researchers can go directly to the individual publishers' sites for article purchase, it is wise to take advantage of the HighWire Press interface and collection of prestigious journals all together. Pricing and terms are clearly illustrated. Users can take advantage of a common search interface, and many customization features are offered.
IngentaConnect Document Delivery/Deposit Accounts
Content Ingenta (
Institutions can create payment accounts to manage article purchasing with deposit accounts for a minimum deposit of $500–$1000.
Standard account features have an annual administration fee of $100 and include online reporting, the choice to make the account available to all users or a select group/department, and a notification email when funds are low.
Advanced deposit accounts provide more control and organizational tools to track user spending. They include a $250 annual administration fee offering all the above features as well as “cost centers” to track patron spending, monthly email usage reports of all article expenditures, single article spending limits, time period spending limits, and the option to create master and subaccounts. In addition, institutions can choose to limit the number of articles purchased by an individual patron at any one time.
Billing accounts can be created that allow users to purchase articles against an auto-debited credit card account. Controlling costs can be difficult, since users can run up the tab at the library's expense. The standard option is cheapest for setting up an account ($15 per month).
Searchability Institutional or personal accounts can be linked to a deposit/credit account. For institutional access, this process involves completing a registration form with method of patron authentication, assigning a specific “site administrator,” registering subscriptions, and designating method of payment for document deliveries not included within the subscribed-to journals. Registering subscriptions gives authenticated users free full-text access to whatever online holdings are available via the IngentaConnect database.
Personal registration allows users to use the Manage My Ingenta feature to manage personal contact, subscription and payment details, access saved search queries, set up and maintain email alerting settings, including new issue and search alerts, and check on the delivery status of ordered articles.
For those familiar with the IngentaConnect interface, users can search or browse for content, and the visible icons clearly represent free, new, subscribed, or trial content. If searchers do not have subscription access to an article, the price will be displayed below the abstract next to an Add to Cart tab. Users must sign in or register before items can be added to the shopping cart; options include selecting a credit card or an institutional payment account (via IP authentication or a library-specified user name and password).
Some content, though retrieved during an Ingenta search, was not available for purchase but instead brought us to the publisher's site (in this case Blackwell, see below), where we were able to “purchase immediate access to this article for 30 days through our secure web site for $39 using a credit card.”
Price The pay-per-view charges come from three elements: the article fee is the copyright or royalty fee set by the publisher, the delivery fee is Ingenta's charge for delivery, and tax may be added if users are within the EU and subject to VAT (Value-Added Tax) fees. We retrieved an 18-page article from a 2006 issue of Journalism Studies with an article fee of $26.28 plus a delivery fee of $5 and a 20-page article from a 2007 issue of International Journal of Web Engineering and Technology with an article fee of $40.44 and a delivery fee of $10. These can be downloaded and saved immediately or within 48 hours. A 15-page article from a 2006 issue of Political Psychology via fax/Ariel resulted in an article fee of $32.35 plus delivery fee of $18. While the delivery fee was always $18, some older articles carried a nominal article fee under $1. IngentaConnect accepts all major credit cards.
Who Needs It? Deposit accounts give administrators more monetary control and flexibility while providing access to articles from nonsubscribed publications. With periodical cuts ever-present, librarians can potentially save on subscription costs by paying for research on an on-demand basis. IngentaConnect offers volume discounts to institutions depositing more than $5000 per year. This covers document delivery fees (not copyright), and the discounts range from five percent to 25 percent off above certain amounts.
Pay-per-view and fax options allow unaffiliated researchers to get their hands on a desired article immediately.
British Library Direct/Google Scholar
Content Employing Google's familiar interface, Google Scholar (
In typical Google fashion, though, Scholar's scope is a mystery. There is no title list, no statement on retrospective indexing coverage, no update schedule, and no indication of what Scholar aims to achieve in terms of subject coverage. Google is clear, however, that much of what is uncovered in a Scholar search is the sort of material that resides within the “deep web,” where subscription resources like JSTOR and Project MUSE reign. While this openness regarding Scholar's potential shortcomings is laudable, the practice of not providing content coverage is extremely un-Google-like, or as the company would say, not Googly. Needless to say, the company has a number of strategies for coping with this situation, ranging from providing open access scholarly journals to a linking system that enables the searcher to get at the contents of the library's subscription databases and, finally, to a pay-per-view mechanism via BL Direct, the British Library document delivery service incorporating full-text access to 20,000 journals.
Searchability The authors' names, journal title, year of publication, and database or online supplier where the document may be found (or purchased) and downloaded are located just below the article titles in the results list. Document titles are hyperlinked, and clicking enables downloading the desired document (if a library is participating in Google Scholar's Library Links program and the document is from a source, the user is permitted to access) to viewing just the abstract at a remote resource such as Blackwell Synergy or the Taylor & Francis web site where the full text may be purchased via credit card. When the document is a book, clicking on the title brings up preview pages as well as publisher, online bookstores including Amazon, Barnes & Noble, or BookSense, and the recently updated Froogle, the specialized Google search service that facilitates comparative online shopping.
A series of additional links are situated immediately below Scholar's brief bibliographic record. When the starting point is a book, clicking Web Search provides another route to any online retailer that can make that title available, including links to Google Book Search. For many articles, we found the final link in this sequence leads to BL Direct.
British Library Direct has its own search engine, which may be accessed directly (
Price The pricing calculation depends on the speed of service, the copyright fee, and the VAT where applicable. The service charge for BL Direct starts at £7.45 for UK users and £7.95 for international users for the immediate article downloads from e-journals. For articles originally in print format, electronic delivery is priced the same, but the turnaround time is slightly longer, around two to five working days. Standard mail delivery is £8.95 for international users. The service charge jumps to £16 for e-delivery of a print format document within 24 hours and increases again to £25 for two-hour e-delivery.
According to the BL Direct web site, copyright fees are set by the publishers and may differ from publication to publication. Fees are distributed worldwide on behalf of the British Library by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. The site notes that the “average level is around £7.50,” but fees can run somewhat lower and also much higher. For a search on (women OR gender) AND punk music, we found copyright fees were £5 for a 12-page article from a 2002 issue of the British journal Popular Music, £5.41 for a 26-page article from a 1998 issue of Signs, and £13.51 for an 18-page article from Gender and Society. Assuming the availability of immediate electronic delivery, this works out to nearly $25 for the Popular Music article and over $41 for the Gender and Society piece for U.S. researchers. UK users would also pay a VAT of 17.5 percent.
First-time users of BL Direct need to register and create an account in order to purchase copies of any articles. Google Scholar itself is a free resource. Google receives no compensation from the BL Direct document delivery service according to the Scholar Help page.
Who Needs It? Like most of the resources discussed here, BL Direct is most likely to appeal to the very serious researcher who appreciates the distinction between Google and Google Scholar and who is either not affiliated with an academic or research institution or for whom document delivery time is a critical factor in completing some phase of a research project.
Blackwell Synergy
Content Blackwell Synergy (
Blackwell's subject coverage is broad and impressive and includes titles in business, economics, finance, and accounting; construction, engineering, computing, and technology; health sciences; humanities; law and criminology; life and physical sciences; mathematics and statistics; medicine; social and behavioral sciences; the arts; and veterinary medicine, animal sciences, agriculture, and aquaculture. The database contains nearly one million articles.
Searchability Access to Blackwell Synergy contents is readily available from the homepage, where a hierarchical All Journals by Subject listing appears prominently in the center of the page. Clicking on Health Sciences, for example, displays the ten subfields assigned to that subject category. Clicking on the Mental Health subfield, in turn, opens up ten Blackwell journals in that particular area. Addiction, which Blackwell publishes on behalf of the Society for the Study of Addiction, displays the OnlineOpen icon, the company's open access model, indicating that some of its content is available for free. Premium-level subscribers can also access articles from the forthcoming issue of Addiction prior to the issue's print publication.
A pull-down menu switches from journals by subject to an alphabetical view, or, alternatively, subscribed lists or user-selected favorite titles. The Blackwell Synergy homepage also features a quick search box for all journals in the database, along with links to saved searches and advanced search mode.
Advanced search allows searching in all fields, in the full text, or in the author, title, abstract, citation author, and publication year fields specifically. Limiters include journal titles (i.e., searching throughout all journals or just within a particular journal title), subject area and subgroups within that area, and date range. The user can specify results by relevancy or date, with most recent articles appearing first and displayed with or without article summaries.
Users may conduct Boolean searches using the AND, OR, and NOT operators, or may use Boolean “standard notation” using plus and minus signs to indicate the preferred operation. There are no wildcards, but Blackwell's search engine uses “natural language analyzers” to determine appropriate word stems. We searched for occurrences of the term polling in the title field of the Social and Behavioral Sciences/Politics and Political Science subject areas and found references with poll and polls as well as polling. Running a similar search with taxation as the title keyword failed to find references with just tax or taxes in the title, however. Modifying the strategy to find taxation OR tax found both terms along with the term taxes, so this capability apparently works well enough, but, like most natural-language searching, is not 100 percent reliable.
The Advanced search page invites the user to try CrossRef search, a Google pilot project from 2003 to 2004 to make scholarly content available for free searching regardless of who has published the material. Springer and Blackwell titles make up the vast majority of the items on the results list, and while searching is free, full-text access to the content is subject to subscription or pay-per-view. Users can set up saved searches and alerts and receive results by RSS feed.
Price Blackwell Synergy users can purchase individual articles with a credit card, and access (which expires after 30 days) is provided via the articles section of the My Synergy area. Registration is required for purchase, and this allows downloading, printing, and saving an article to a computer for personal use.
We examined a dozen or so articles for pricing and observed that humanities and social sciences articles sold for $29 and science and technology articles were priced at $39. Entire sample issues are freely available, as are many individual articles (after an initial embargo period) through OnlineOpen. Library subscriptions are also available.
Who Needs It? Serious, independent, unaffiliated researchers are the likely audience for this service.
| Audience | Content | Dates | |
| Blackwell Synergy Blackwell Publishing, Inc. www.blackwell-synergy.com 781-388-8599; customerservices@blackwellpublishing.com | UG, SCH, SPEC | Nearly one million full-text articles from over 850 journals; subject coverage includes medicine, science, social sciences, and humanities | Currently some coverage back as far as early 1900s |
| British Library Direct The British Library direct.bl.uk T +44 (0)1937 546060; customer-services@bl.ukGoogle Scholar Google Inc. www.google.com; 650-253-0000 | HS, UG, SCH, SPEC | Roughly nine million recent articles from 20,000 titles, covering biology, life sciences, and environmental science; business, administration, finance, and economics; chemistry and materials science; engineering, computer science, and mathematics; medicine, pharmacology, and veterinary science; physics, astronomy, and planetary science; and social sciences, arts, and humanities | BL Direct provides immediate e-access to the last five years' worth or articles; Google Scholar's retrospective coverage is not specified |
| Highwire Press/Pay-for-Access Highwire/Stanford University highwire.stanford.edu; highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/feedback | HS, UG, SCH, SPEC | Part of Stanford University Libraries life science article repository, with 4,118,625 full-text articles overall; 1000 titles can be accessed under “pay-for-access” service with terms established by individual publishers; article, issue, and site access available for most titles | Established by individual publishers |
| IngentaConnect Ingenta ingentaconnect.com 617-395-4040 ussales@ingenta.com | HS, UG, SCH, SPEC | Contains access to a multidisciplinary database with 30,000 publications and 10,000 full-text e-journals; document delivery/deposit accounts for personal or institutional access; includes fee-based standard and advanced deposit accounts | Established by individual publishers |
| ScienceDirect Elsevier www.sciencedirect.com 888-615-4500 usinfo@sciencedirect.com | UG, SCH, SPEC | Contains 25 percent of STM full-text information, with access to 2000 peer-reviewed journals, book series, handbooks, and reference works; physical sciences and engineering, life sciences, health sciences, and social sciences and humanities; back file to archive of eight million articles; pay-per-view for guest and registered users; institutional accounts; third-party journal pricing supplied by publisher | Dates range from first issue for most publications |
| Wiley InterScience with ArticleSelect and Pay-Per-View John Wiley & Sons, Inc. www.wiley.com 800-825-7550 | UG, SCH, SPEC | 2500 journals, books, reference works, and laboratory manuals, along with the Cochrane Library of evidence-based medicine; subject coverage includes business, chemistry, computer science, earth and environmental science, education, engineering, law, life sciences, mathematics and statistics, medicine and healthcare, physics and astronomy, polymers and materials science, psychology, and social sciences | More than half of the Wiley titles have been digitized back to their first issue; Wiley aims ultimately to archive 1,500,000 research articles back to 1799 |
| Key HS: High School UG: Undergraduates SCH: Scholarly Researchers SPEC: Subject Specialists | |||
| Author Information |
| Gail Golderman (goldermg@union.edu) is Electronic Resources LIbrarian, and Bruce Connolly (connollb@union.edu) is Reference & Bibliographic Instruction Librarian, Schaffer Library, Union College, Schenectady, NY |
Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
Google and the British Library
IngentaConnect
HighWire Press/Stanford University
Elsevier
Wiley InterScienceblackwell-synergy.com), redesigned in January 2007, makes full-text content of 850 journals—most of which represent the research published by international scholarly and professional societies and their members—available for browsing and online purchase.scholar.google.com) opens the door to the peer-reviewed scholarly literature in every academic discipline, including biology, life sciences, and environmental science; business, administration, finance, and economics; chemistry and materials science; engineering, computer science, and mathematics; medicine, pharmacology, and veterinary science; physics, astronomy, and planetary science; and social sciences, arts, and humanities. Google Scholar includes articles from scholarly journals, books from academic presses, citations to research publications, conference papers, and the contents of various scholarly web sites, including the personal homepages of the authors of the research (see E-Reviews, netConnect, LJ 1/07, p. 18–26).www.ingentaconnect.com) offers many options for full-text article delivery, either through personal or institutional accounts within IngentaConnect, a multidisciplinary online database with 30,000 publications and 10,000 full-text e-journals. Documents are delivered electronically through subscription or pay-per-view and if not available in electronic format, on paper via fax and/or Ariel delivery.highwire.stanford.edu) is part of Stanford University Libraries, producing 1020 online peer-reviewed journals and other scholarly and biomedical content. HighWire partners with 130 scholarly societies, university presses, and publishers to provide fully searchable research and clinical literature and produces the online version of Science, New England Journal of Medicine, PNAS, and Journal of the American Medical Association.www.sciencedirect.com) contains over “25 percent of the world's science, technology and medicine full text and bibliographic information,” with access to a collection of 2000 peer-reviewed journals, book series, handbooks, and reference works. The ScienceDirect database includes titles organized within the areas of physical sciences and engineering, life sciences, health sciences, and social sciences and humanities.interscience.wiley.com) database, from which its pay-per-view service draws, includes 2500 journals, books, reference works, and lab manuals, along with the Cochrane Library, an internationally recognized resource for evidence-based medicine. With the company's journal back file initiative well underway, more than half of the Wiley titles have been digitized back to their first issue, and Wiley ultimately aims to archive 1.5 million research articles back to 1799 to celebrate its bicentennial.direct.bl.uk). Basic search mode offers simple search plus AND, OR, and NOT Boolean operators. Advanced search adds fielded searching via a pull-down menu, date ranges, and additional search boxes.
