Computing

Ceruzzi (curator, National Air & Space Museum; A History of Modern Computing, Internet Alley: High Technology in Tyson's Corner, 1945–2005) has compiled a brief and readable history of computing and emerging technology. His emphasis is on transformative breakthroughs, beginning with the creation of the first electronic computing devices and continuing with stored programs, integrated circuits, microprocessors, the Internet, and social networking. Throughout his historical narrative, he highlights four themes: the digital paradigm, convergence, solid-state electronics, and the human-machine interface. This combination of approaches makes for a thoughtful, reflective study of the subject and helps to sweep away unnecessary detail and enable broad thinking on the subject. Similar recent, complementary historical overviews include Gerard O'Regan's A Brief History of Computing and Georges Ifrah's more comprehensive The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer.